Bhartiya Samaj - Chapter 3: Samajik Sansthayen

Overview

Yeh chapter humein Bhartiya samaj ki basic structures aur unke functions ke baare mein batata hai. Humein jaati pratha, parivaar, vivah, aur kinship jaisi important sansthayon ka adhyayan karna hai. Ye sabhi milkar ek social structure banate hain.

Main Topics

Social Institutions kya hain?

Jaati Pratha (Caste System)

Parivaar aur uska Badalta Roop

Vivah ke Prakar

Kinship Systems in India

Here we have provided NCERT notes for Class 12 भारतीय समाज in hindi Language, Just select the chapters below to get notes of the same:

भारतीय समाज एक परिचय

भारतीय समाज की जनसांख्यिकीय संरचना

भारतीय संस्थाएँ निरंतरता एवं परिवर्तन

बाज़ार एक सामाजिक संस्था के रूप में

सामाजिक विषमता एवं बहिष्कार के स्वरूप

सांस्कृतिक विविधता की चुनौतियाँ

Class 12 Bhartiya Samaj: Samajik Sansthayen Detailed Notes

Bhartiya samaj mein kai aisi sansthayen hain jo iski pehchaan banati hain. Inhe samajhna bahut zaroori hai kyunki yeh humare rozmarra ke life ko regulate karti hain.

1. Social Institutions kya hain?

Social institutions aise established patterns of behavior hote hain jo society ki basic needs ko poora karte hain. Jaise ki, family institution reproduction aur bacchon ki upbringing ka dhayan rakhti hai. Education institution knowledge transfer karti hai. Inka main kaam social order maintain karna hota hai.

2. Jaati Pratha (Caste System)

Jaati pratha India ki sabse purani aur complex social institutions mein se ek hai. Iski kuch khaas features hain:

Hierarchy: Jaati ka system hierarchical hota hai, jisme kuch jaatiyon ko upar aur kuch ko neecha mana jaata tha.

Endogamy: Shadi apni hi jaati ke andar hona compulsory tha.

Occupation: Traditional taur par, profession jaati ke aadhar par fixed the (jaati aur kaam ka sambandh).

Social Restrictions: Baahar ka khana (commensality) aur touchability par kai prakar ke restrictions the.

Aaj kal, is pratha mein bahut changes aaye hain. Constitution ne discrimination ko illegal kar diya hai, lekin social life mein iske traces ab bhi dikh jaate hain.

3. Parivaar aur uska Badalta Roop

Indian family ek important institution hai. Pehle joint family system bahut common tha, jahan ek saath 3-4 generations ek chhat ke neeche rehte the. Iske kuch advantages the jaise emotional support, financial security, aur collective responsibility.

Lekin aaj ke time mein nuclear family (maata, pita aur bacche) jyada common ho gayi hai. Is change ke karan urbanization, education, aur employment opportunities hain. Ab 'family' ki definition bhi badal rahi hai, single parent families bhi dikhne lagin hain.

4. Vivah ke Prakar

Bharat mein vivah ek sanskar mana jaata hai. Iske kai prakaran hain:

Arranged Marriage: Sabse common practice, jisme parents rishta dhundhte hain.

Love Marriage: Aajkal bada common, jisme ladka-ladki khud apna partner choose karte hain.

Inter-caste/Inter-religion Marriage: Ab slowly badh raha hai, lekin social resistance abhi bhi hai.

Same-sex Marriage: Legally abhi India mein recognize nahi hai, lekin ispar bahut debate chal rahi hai.

Dowry system abhi bhi ek major social evil hai, jo ki legally banned hone ke baad bhi kai jagah exist karta hai.

5. Kinship Systems in India

Kinship ka matlab hai rishtedaari ya blood relations. India mein kinship ko bahut importance di jaati hai. Iske do main types hote hain:

Consanguineal Kinship: Blood relations jaise bhai, behen, maa, baap, chacha, etc.

Affinal Kinship: Marriage se bane relations jaise saas, sasur, jaija, sali, etc.

Kinship terms (sambodhan) bhi bahut detailed hote hain. Jaise, chacha, tau, mama, mausa - sabke liye alag alag shabd hain. Yeh dikhata hai ki kinship hamare social life mein kitna deep rooted hai.

Conclusion

Samajik sansthayen static nahi hain, yeh time ke saath evolve karti hain. Globalization, education, aur technology inmein continuous changes la rahe hain. Jaati ka rigid system kamjor ho raha hai, parivaar chhote ho rahe hain, aur vivah ke concepts badal rahe hain. Aane wale time mein in sansthayon ka roop aur bhi alag ho sakta hai.